So, I want to get my grade up(:

I did REALLY bad on one of my standards so therefore, I am trying to make up for it by posting information on a graph & exaplin exactly whats going on in the graph.. So.. Here we go!

If you want the full infromation go to this website here: (:
http://www.jbc.org/content/236/5/1372.short

Since the graph is on a PDF file I am not able to copy and paste it :( but I will give you some background information and explain the graph to you that is on page 5 on the right side! I believe it is Figure 5 in the text.

This article is basically about finding a method to determine sedimentation behavior of of enzymes. Since we are currently talking about enzymes in class I figured this would fit best for what I needed to make up! After they finished up their experements the results were shown. Figure 5 in the text is one of the graphs that show what the sedimentation behavior was.

Catalse, Alchohol Dehydrogenase, Rabbit liver soluble RNA, and Lysozme were all tested for 20 hours at 38,000 RPM. Catalase, which is the soild circle, had the greatest gain of the four enzymes. The distance of peak from meniscus started out at about .65cm in approx two and a half hours. After approxamently 17 hours the catalase had gotten to about 3cm. At 20 hours it was up to 3.59cm. The Alcohol Dehydrogenase, or the open circle, started out at .4cm in two and a half hours. After 20 hours the Alcohol Dehystrogenase was up to about 2.61cm. The Rabbit Liver Soluble RNA started out with one of the smallest numbers. After 5 hours it was up to about .35cm. After 20 hours the Rabbit Liver Soluable RNA only rose to about 1.31cm. The lowest enzyme of them all was Lysozyme. After 20 hours the Lysozyme was only up to about .65 cm. I can conclude after looking at this graph that Catalase had the greatest distance from the Menisus, and Lysozyme had the smallest peak from the Menisus.

FOUR CLASSES OF ORGANICS

FOUR CLASSES OF ORGANICS:

2-LIPIDS

Insoluble in water

Long chains of repeating CH2 units

Renders molecule non polar

four: carbs, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids

TYPES OF LIPIDS:

Fats: Long-term energy storage & thermal insulation in animals ; butter, lard

-carbs ultimately turn into fat.. fat is good in moderation

Oils: Long-term energy storage in plants & their seeds ; cooking oils

Phospholipids: Component of plasma membrane ; no-stick pan spray

Steroids: Component of plasma membrane; hormones ; medicines

Waxes: Wear resistance; retain water ; candles, polishes

BLUBBER. - fat, no meat.

TYPES OF LIPIDS: Triglycerides (1)

Triglycerides (fats)

Long term energy storage

Backbone of one glycerol molecule

Three-carbon alcohol

Each has an OH- group

Three fatty acids attached to each glycerol molecule

Long hydrocarbon chain

-saturated - no double bonds between carbons

-unsaturated - > double bonds between carbons

Carboxylic acid connects to -OH on glycerol in dehydration reaction

Carboxylic acid at one end

BASICALLY--

saturated - single bond, be sticky (bad for arteries) can bond together easier EXAMPLES: milk, butter

unsaturated - more than one bond EXAMPLES: corn, veg oil (slightly better for you)

TYPES OF LIPIDS: Phospholipids (2)

Phospholipids:

Derived from triglycerides

Glycerol backbone

Two fatty acids attached instead of three

Third fatty acid replaced by phosphate group

-the fatty acids are non-polar and hydrophobic

-the phosphate group is polar and hydrophilic

Molecules self arrange when placed in water

Polar phosphate "heads" next to water

Non-polar fatty acid "tails" overlap and exclude water

Spontaneously form double layer & a sphere

BASICALLY:

EVERY membrane in your body is like this.. it's confused doesn't know if it wants to be in water or oil so it can be in both

TYPES OF LIPIDS: Steroids & Waxes (3)

Steroids:

Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen --body responds soo different to each, but basically the same.

Skeletons of four fused carbon rings (steroids because of their shape -- just in side group)

Waxes:

Long-chain fatty acid bonded to a long-chain alcohol (tend to be sticky, keep water out or in)

High melting point

Waterproof

Resistant to degradation --being degraded (broken down)

EXAMPLES: fruit, leaves, beeswax



SELF EVALUATION:
I've realized that i learn SO much more by taking notes & putting things into my own terms while Mr. Ludwig is teaching. It helps me understand more of what's going on. Therefore, I should start looking at the powerpoints online.. I know it isn't the same as him teaching but I believe it will help somewhat!

Phospholipid & Cholesterol Molecules

In class we created Fluid Mosaic posters in groups that modeled a cell membrane and how it worked. Over the next few days in class Mr. Ludwig lectured and we took notes over the models and what each part did. I did my notes in "dummy" terms so they were easy for me to understand. So, I figured I'd post them (:


Phospholipid & Cholesterol molecules

Polar head groups
Cholesterol - stiffened region
More fluid region
BASICALLY...
Phospholipid = phosphate
Tails = fatty acids

INSIDE-hydrophobic region
OUTSIDE-hydrophillic regions

Transmembrane protein = transports stuff
-ability to be lots of different things ( across whole membrane, size, shape)

WHATS IT DO?
protects - keeps things from going in or out (sort of like a cell wall)
basically its the outside of the WHOLE cell

300 (movie) - city is the cell. city makes persians come in & out.

if it is deemed harmful, the cell membrane keeps it out completely.
it chooses who it lets in & keeps out

size of the object trying to get in doesn't matter, if the cell membrane doesn't want you in YOUR OUT OF LUCK.

most important part


FUNCTIONS of membrane proteins -

*PROTEINS DO MOST JOBS

CHANNEL PROTEINS -
tubular
Allow passage of molecules through membrane
(Really specific -only let certain things in)
hollow tube
CARRIER PROTEINS -
Combine with substance to be transported
Assist passage of molecules through membrane
-latch on to them on the outside and go with them through.. carry things across.
change shape!
CELL RECOGNITION PROTEINS-
Provides unique chemical ID for cells
Help body recognize foreign substances
(Antenna like protein that recognizes different substances like bacteria or bad stuff to take a way)
RECEPTOR PROTEINS-
Binds with messenger molecule
causes cell to respond message
(wiggle your little toe)
passes signal to inside of cell -almost like someone yelling FIRE & then the other fires
ENZYMATIC PROTEINS-
carry out metabolic reactions directly
chew up & build up things


TYPES OF TRANSPORT:
Active VS Passive
Plasma membrane is differentially OR
(selectively permeable) selective, somethings get & in somethings get out.
Allows some material to pass
Inhabits passage of other materials

PASSIVE TRANSPORT:
No ATP requirement (doesn't spend energy) ATP(for now) = energy
Molecules follow concentration gradient(change)
LOTS = high concentration cell is bathes in it, inside low concentration
gradient - shift or change across a region (powerpoint- black to white)
-WORKS EASY

ACTIVE TRANSPORT-
big yucky thing trying to get in & it doesn't want it to.. bounces off (needs carrier)
need energy to get the big dude inside!
-DOESN'T WORK EASY

WATER- size of water lets it pass even thought it's sort of polar
CHARGED MOLECULES- only with channel
GLUCOSE, MACROMOLECULE - needs active transport

DIFFUSION-
a solution consists of:
a solvent (liquid), and
a solute (dissolved solid) --salt, proteins
Diffusion-
net movement of solute molecules down concentration gradient
MEANS- random motion - moving from high concentration to a low concentration (blue dye in water's movement)
water moves independent, dye moves independent

WHY DONT YOU USE DISTILLED WATER IN IV
-too much concentration of water will make cell expand.. needs more molecules

OSMOSIS-
diffusion of water down it's concentration gradient. (reverse osmosis = water treatment)
water moving across membrane
when you start dissolving particles in water - few molecules are free to be the actual concentration of water
a lot of dissolved stuff sitting in your cell
water surrounds particles to dissolve them.
salty water has a low concentration of water bcuz the water is busy dissolving the cell
put cell in salt- more solutes for the water to be attracted to.. water sees low concentration outside (waters going to gush out of cell) shrink like crazy.
almost pure water - (water follows to dissolve stuff, low concentration)

EVERYTHING GOES FROM HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION